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Decoding the SANS Christmas packet challenge using only NSM-Console

Lee — Sat, 12 Jan 2008 00:12:30 +0000

In my never-ending quest to find justification for writing NSM-Console, I hereby present the following tutorial on how to decode the SANS Christmas packet challenge using nothing but NSM-Console:

I’m going to be using NSM-Console version 0.4-DEVEL, which adds the features that allow this analysis to be performed without external tools. You can get the development version here. Alright, let’s get this party started:

First things first, the fellows at SANS point you to the first packet in the xmas_Starter.pcap file, so let’s load up NSM-Console with the packet capture

./nsm ~/xmas_Starter.pcap

Next, let’s do a printout of all the packets in this dump (since it’s a small file, there shouldn’t be too many)

nsm> p * Args: * Filename: /Users/hinmanm/xmas_Starter.pcap list from 1 to * 1 1198471642.61773 192.168.25.1 -> 192.168.25.255 UDP 138 > 138 Len=243 2 1198471662.79806 192.168.25.100 -> 192.168.25.128 TCP 7337 > 1000 Len=254 3 1198471662.79813 192.168.25.128 -> 192.168.25.100 TCP 1000 > 7337 Len=58 4 1198471662.79877 192.168.25.100 -> 192.168.25.128 TCP 7337 > 1000 Len=60 5 1198471663.79691 192.168.25.100 -> 192.168.25.128 TCP 7337 > 1000 Len=254 6 1198471663.79697 192.168.25.128 -> 192.168.25.100 TCP 1000 > 7337 Len=58
… etc, etc, etc, to a total of 25 packets

Well, the SANS guide says to start at packet #1, so let’s take a look at it

nsm> p -x 1
(see image for output)

Whoops, this doesn’t look like useful output, maybe they meant the first TCP packet? (Instead of UDP). Looks like the first TCP packet is #2, so let’s look at that one:

nsm> p -x 2 Args: 2 Filename: /Users/hinmanm/xmas_Starter.pcap full from 2 to 2 2 1198471662.79806 192.168.25.100 -> 192.168.25.128 TCP 7337 > 1000 Len=254 0010 53 57 34 67 64 47 68 6c 49 47 31 76 64 6d 6c 6c SW4gdGhlIG1vdmll 0020 49 45 45 67 51 32 68 79 61 58 4e 30 62 57 46 7a IEEgQ2hyaXN0bWFz 0030 49 45 4e 68 63 6d 39 73 4c 43 42 6f 62 33 63 67 IENhcm9sLCBob3cg 0040 62 57 46 75 65 53 42 75 61 57 64 6f 64 43 68 7a bWFueSBuaWdodChz 0050 4b 53 42 6b 61 57 51 67 64 47 68 6c 49 48 52 6f KSBkaWQgdGhlIHRo 0060 63 6d 56 6c 49 48 4e 77 61 58 4a 70 64 48 4d 67 cmVlIHNwaXJpdHMg 0070 59 32 39 74 5a 53 42 30 62 79 42 32 61 58 4e 70 Y29tZSB0byB2aXNp 0080 64 44 38 3d 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 dD8=............ 0090 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ................ 00a0 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ................ 00b0 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ................ 00c0 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ................

Ahh, that looks like more readable output, due to the string ending with “=”, it’s most likely encoded in base64 (since = is used for padding). Let’s output the string in just plain ascii so we can decode it easier

nsm> p -a 2 Args: 2 Filename: /Users/hinmanm/xmas_Starter.pcap ascii from 2 to 2 2 1198471662.79806 192.168.25.100 -> 192.168.25.128 TCP 7337 > 1000 Len=254 SW4gdGhlIG1vdmllIEEgQ2hyaXN0bWFzIENhcm9sLCBob3cgbWFueSBuaWdodChz KSBkaWQgdGhlIHRocmVlIHNwaXJpdHMgY29tZSB0byB2aXNpdD8=...................... ..............................................................

(I put line breaks in so it wouldn’t distort the page)
Okay, let’s take this line and decode it to get our first clue

nsm> decode base64 SW4gdGhlIG1vdmllIEEgQ2hyaXN0bWFzIENhcm9sLCBob3cgbWFueSBuaWdodChz KSBkaWQgdGhlIHRocmVlIHNwaXJpdHMgY29tZSB0byB2aXNpdD8= Decoding base64 --> ascii... Output ([]'s added to show beginning and end):

[In the movie A Christmas Carol, how many night(s) did the three spirits come to visit?]

Alright! Got the clue! Now let’s load up our answer file and get the next one

nsm> file /Users/hinmanm/xmas_challenge_2007.pcap Setting ${PCAP_FILE} = /Users/hinmanm/xmas_challenge_2007.pcap Setting ${PCAP_BASE} = xmas_challenge_2007.pcap

Since the 3 spirits came on 1 night, we know our next answer is in packet #1, so let’s take a look

nsm> p -a 1 Args: 1 Filename: /Users/hinmanm/xmas_challenge_2007.pcap ascii from 1 to 1 1 1194153111.12232 192.168.25.100 -> 192.168.25.128 TCP 7337 > 1000 Len=154 QWxsIEkgd2FudCBmb3IgQ2hyaXN0bWFzIGlzIG15IF9fX18gRnJvbnQgVGVldG gu....................................

Aha! Another base64 encoding, let’s decode it

nsm> decode base64 QWxsIEkgd2FudCBmb3IgQ2hyaXN0bWFzIGlzIG15 IF9fX18gRnJvbnQgVGVldGgu Decoding base64 --> ascii... Output ([]'s added to show beginning and end):

[All I want for Christmas is my ____ Front Teeth.]

Alright, I think this shows the basic idea, and since this post is to illustrate some of the new features of NSM-Console (rather than the solution to the puzzle), let’s skip on ahead.

Packet 2 leads you to packet 3
Packet 3 leads you to packet 9
Packet 9 leads you to packet 11
Packet 11 leads you to packet 12
Packet 12 leads you to packet 359

Here’s where things start to get a little more interesting, printing out packet 359 shows that it doesn’t look like it’s encoded base64 anymore, in fact it looks like it’s urlescaped

nsm> p -x 359 Args: 359 Filename: /Users/hinmanm/xmas_challenge_2007.pcap full from 359 to 359 359 1194153771.83615 192.168.25.100 -> 192.168.25.128 TCP 7337 > 1000 Len=154 0010 38 37 25 32 30 31 30 31 25 32 30 4e 55 4c 4c 25 87%20101%20NULL% 0020 32 30 31 31 39 25 32 30 31 30 35 25 32 30 31 31 20119%20105%2011 0030 35 25 32 30 31 30 34 25 32 30 4e 55 4c 4c 25 32 5%20104%20NULL%2 0040 30 31 32 31 25 32 30 31 31 31 25 32 30 31 31 37 0121%20111%20117 0050 25 32 30 4e 55 4c 4c 25 32 30 39 37 25 32 30 4e %20NULL%2097%20N 0060 55 4c 4c 25 32 30 37 37 25 32 30 31 30 31 25 32 ULL%2077%20101%2

Also, the SANS challenge mentions that the message may or may not be in multiple packets, so let’s check the next one

nsm> p -x 360 Args: 360 Filename: /Users/hinmanm/xmas_challenge_2007.pcap full from 360 to 360 360 1194153772.83062 192.168.25.100 -> 192.168.25.128 TCP 7337 > 1000 Len=154 0010 25 32 30 31 31 34 25 32 30 31 32 31 25 32 30 4e %20114%20121%20N 0020 55 4c 4c 25 32 30 36 37 25 32 30 31 30 34 25 32 ULL%2067%20104%2 0030 30 31 31 34 25 32 30 31 30 35 25 32 30 31 31 35 0114%20105%20115 0040 25 32 30 31 31 36 25 32 30 31 30 39 25 32 30 39 %20116%20109%209 0050 37 25 32 30 31 31 35 25 32 30 34 34 25 30 44 25 7%20115%2044%0D% 0060 30 41 38 37 25 32 30 31 30 31 25 32 30 4e 55 4c 0A87%20101%20NUL

Looks like a continuation, if you print out a few more, you find out that the data stops in packet #365, let’s print out all the packets so we can see what the data looks like

nsm> p -x 359-365
(see picture for output, too long to paste here)

Alright, looks like we’ve got our message, let’s decode it

nsm> p -a 359-365
gives us:

nsm> decode urlescape
shows:

That looks like decimal ascii values, let’s decode the values using the “char” decoding

nsm> decode char
Here’s the output from decoding each of the 3 lines:

And look! There’s our message (I replaced all the ‘NULL’s with spaces):

We wish you a Merry Christmas, We wish you a Merry Christmas, We wish you a Merry Christmas and a Happy New Year!!!

Merry Christmas to you too SANS, and thanks for the awesome challenge!

You can check out SANS’ solution for the challenge here.
You can check out Geek00l’s full solution for the challenge here.

If it wasn’t for this challenge, we might not have had the idea to include these features in NSM-Console, I’m glad we did and I hope it proves useful to the rest of the packet monkeys out there

P.S. A big thank-you to Scholar for letting me use his pcap parsing library, thus eliminating the dependency on any 3rd party libraries to do all the packet reading, thanks a bunch!

Have another idea for a feature that should be in NSM-Console? Shoot me an email or leave a comment!

NSM-Console version 0.3 release

Lee — Wed, 09 Jan 2008 06:29:44 +0000

Yep, I’ve just been cranking out code lately, so I am proud to present the 0.3 release of nsm-console!

You can download NSM-Console here:

http://writequit.org/projects/nsm-console/files/nsm-console-0.3.tar.gz

This release was focused a bit more on usability, features and bugfixes rather than the addition of new modules, however, there were still a couple that were added. Since this release has some pretty big changes, let’s start by going over some of the notable ones:

- Logfile changes
I decided I wanted a way to track the exit status of each module command that was executed, so the logfile will now prepend each executed command with “[exit: #]” (# is the exit status of the command). I’m hoping this will help with module debugging.

- Output directory changes
The default output directory has been changed from “output” to “${PCAP_BASE}-output”, I’m hoping this helps to provide a more meaningful output directory name. Note that when you perform analysis on a directory of files, multiple output directories will be created, if you want all the output in 1 folder, change output not to have ${PCAP_BASE} in it.

- Modules
The following modules were added, use “info ” to get more information about a module: iploc, fl0p, argus

- e command
“e” is now a shortcut for exec, who likes typing that all out anyway?

- eval command
The “eval” command allows an analyst to evaluate a line of ruby, this is extremely powerful to anyone that knows ruby. Note that all the variables and methods I’ve written for nsm-console are available for use with eval also. Here are two examples:

nsm> eval 9 * 6 => 54

nsm> eval m = get_mod_by_name("aimsnarf"); puts m.get_commands => aimsnarf -r ${PCAP_FILE} > ${OUTPUT_DIR}/${OUTPUT_FILE}

- Better tab completion
I added things like “PCAP_FILE” and “OUTPUT_DIR” to the list of tab-completed words, there is a much larger list now. (If you really want a list you can use: “eval puts $tabstrings” to print them all out)

- encode/decode commands
Here are the two commands I think a lot of packet analysts are going to find extremely useful. They allow someone to easily translate from one encoding to a different encoding. Rather than explain with text, let me show you a screenshot:

Right now encode and decode support a handful of formats (see screenshot for the list), but I’m hard at work on many many more formats to encode and decode. Thanks go to Geek00l, who gave me the idea for this feature (especially how it would be useful in something like this). This should allow for quicker analysis as performing inline encoding and encoding should be much easier to perform. Take a look at the TODO file in the tarball and let me know if there is an encoding missing that should be available.

- Licensing
NSM-Console is now released under a LGPL version 2.1 license, you can read the license agreement in the LICENSE file or online here.

- Bugfixes
Whitespace handling fixes, better handling of commands not found, category reading fix and many more

- Code cleanup and organization
Cleanup is always good.

See the CHANGELOG file for more detail about what has changed. The TODO file lists features that I am currently working on. If you aren’t sure what nsm-console is, I recommend you watch the screencast I recently created.

As always, I welcome any feedback, comments, criticism, support and patches.